Optics of the Human Eye

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Author: David Atchinson
Published: May 2000
Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Books
ISBN: 0750637757
Paperback Book
Number of Pages: 269

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Optics of the Human Eye

Describes the optical structure and optical properties of the human eye. Each chapter is dedicated to a single theme, with material on commonly useful topics at the beginning and topics with narrower appeal, such as ocular aberrations, placed toward the end. Sections cover basic optical structure of the eye, image formation and refraction, interactions between light and the eye, aberrations and retinal image quality, and depth of field topics and age-related changes in the optics of the eye. Appendices cover mathematics relating to paraxial optics, aberrations theory, and image quality criteria and construction data. The editors teach optometry at Queensland University of Technology, and at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Aitchison, David A., BScOptom, MScOptom, PhD (Queensland Univ of Technology); Smith, George , BSc, MSc, PhD (Univ of Melbourne)

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements viii
Sign convention and symbols ix
Introduction xi
Section 1 Basic optical structure of the human eye
1 The human eye: an overview 3
Introduction 3
Optical structure and image formation 4
The retina 5
The cardinal points 7
The equivalent power and focal lengths 7
Axes of the eye 8
Centre-of-rotation 8
Field-of-vision 8
Binocular vision and binocular overlap 8
Typical dimensions 9
2 Refracting components: cornea and lens 11
Introduction 11
Cornea 11
Lens 16
Accommodation 18
3 The pupil 21
Introduction - the iris 21
Entrance and exit pupils 21
Pupil centration 23
Pupil size 23
Shape of the obliquely viewed pupil 25
Significance of the pupil size 27
Measurement of pupil size (pupillometry) 28
Artificial pupils 28
4 Axes of the eye 30
Introduction 30
Definitions and significance 30
Locating some axes 34
Angles between axes 34
5 Paraxial schematic eyes 39
Introduction 39
Development of paraxial schematic eyes 40
Gaussian properties and cardinal points 41
'Exact' schematic eyes 44
Simplified schematic eyes 44
Reduced schematic eyes 45
Variable accommodating eyes 45
Section 2 Image formation and refraction
6 Image formation: the focused paraxial image 51
Introduction 51
The general case 51
Eye focused at infinity 54
Binocular vision 54
7 Refractive anomalies 57
Introduction 57
Spherical refractive anomalies 58
Astigmatic refractive errors 60
Anisometropia 61
Distribution of refractive errors and ocular components 61
The power of the correcting lens 62
Effect of parameter changes on refractive errors 64
8 Measuring refractive errors 67
Introduction 67
Subjective-only refraction techniques 67
Subjective/objective refraction techniques 71
Objective-only refraction techniques 73
Factors affecting refraction 75
9 Image formation: the defocused paraxial image 79
Introduction 79
Retinal image size 80
Size of the defocus blur disc 82
Other effects of defocus 85
10 Some optical effects of ophthalmic lenses 88
Introduction 88
Spectacle magnification 88
Pupil position and magnification 90
Relative spectacle magnification 91
Effects on far and near points and accommodation demand 92
Rotational magnification, field-of-view and field-of-vision 93
Section 3 Light and the eye
11 Light and the eye: introduction 99
Introduction 99
Radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum 99
Light 100
Photometric quantities, units and example levels 101
Some useful relationships 103
Which quantity to use 103
12 Passage of light into the eye 105
Introduction 105
Specular reflection 105
Transmittance 107
Scatter 111
Fluorescence 113
Birefringence 114
13 Light level at the retina 117
Introduction 117
Retinal illuminance: directly transmitted light 117
Retinal illuminance: scattered light 120
Photon density levels 122
Maxwellian view 123
The Stiles-Crawford effect 124
14 Light interaction with the fundus 129
Introduction 129
Fundus reflectance 130
Absorption 131
Birefringence 132
Section 4 Aberrations and retinal image quality
15 Monochromatic aberrations 137
Introduction 137
Methods of measuring monochromatic aberrations 138
Types and magnitudes of monochromatic aberrations 143
Significance of monochromatic aberrations 151
Ocular component contributions 154
Pupil aberration 155
Aberrations of ophthalmic devices 155
16 Monochromatic aberrations of schematic eyes 160
Introduction 160
Aberrations of paraxial schematic eyes 161
Modelling surface shapes 166
Modelling the lenticular refractive index distribution 168
Modelling the retina 171
Survey of finite eye models 171
Performance of finite eye models 173
17 Chromatic aberrations 180
Introduction 180
Longitudinal chromatic aberration 180
Transverse chromatic aberration 181
Measurement of longitudinal chromatic aberration 183
Measurement of transverse chromatic aberration 185
Effects of chromatic aberrations on vision 186
Aberration compensation and correction 188
Modelling chromatic aberrations 189
18 Retinal image quality 194
Introduction 194
The point and line spread functions 195
The optical transfer function 198
Retinal image quality 202
Section 5 Miscellaneous
19 Depth-of-field 213
Introduction 213
Experimental results 214
Modelling depth-of-field 217
20 The aging eye 221
Introduction 221
Cornea 221
Lens 222
Refractive errors and axial length 223
Accommodation and presbyopia 223
Pupil diameter 227
Aberrations and retinal image quality 227
Photometry 228
Schematic eyes 229
Appendices
A1 Paraxial optics 237
Introduction 237
The paraxial approximations and paraxial rays 238
A paraxial ray-tracing scheme 239
The optical invariant 240
Cardinal points and equivalent power 240
The lens equation 240
Gaussian optics 241
A2 Introduction to aberration theory 242
Quantification of aberrations 242
The wave aberration function 243
Seidel aberrations 245
A3 Schematic eyes 250
Introduction 250
Paraxial schematic eyes 250
Finite schematic eyes 254
A4 Calculation of PSF and OTF from aberrations of an optical system 259
The point spread function (PSF) 259
The optical transfer function (OTF) 261
Index 263

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