Biochemistry of the Eye

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Author: David R. Whikehart
Published: January 2001
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN: 0750671521
Paperback Book
Number of Pages: 224

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Biochemistry of the Eye

This innovative resource explores the challenging topic of biochemistry -- with special emphasis on biochemistry unique to the eye. Comprehensive coverage includes a solid foundation in general biochemistry that leads to indepth discussions of molecular structures and biochemical events that occur in the eye. Abundant illustrations and clinical examples bring key concepts to life by linking basic science to actual practice. This new book focuses on the structural biochemistry of the eye and on biochemical processes that support the function of ocular structures. Chapters are organized by classes of compounds (lipids, nucleic acids, etc.). For each class, a general presentation of the relevant biochemistry serves as the foundation for describing a particular structure or process. The major aim is to present a concise introduction to the fundamentals of ocular biochemistry. In terms of its organization, scope, and readability, the book largely meets this objective. The book is well suited as an introductory text or as a refresher reference for students of optometry and for medical students and residents in ophthalmology. It is likely to be useful also as a meaningful overview of ocular biochemistry for scientists whose background is in other areas of biochemistry and physiology. The illustrations, many of which are schematic (cartoon) representations of structures and processes, are in general well designed and appropriate in number and detail. The subject index and reference lists are appropriate for the scope and depth of the text. The cross-referencing provided at the front of the book is especially helpful for the reader interested in a particular part of the eye. The primary strengths are the conciseness and clarity of the text. The discussion typically moves quickly and smoothly from general principles to description of the ocular system under consideration. Among the sections that I found especially informative were those on carbohydrate transport and metabolism, including ocular disorders associated with diabetes. The main weaknesses of the book are inaccuracies or omissions in the presentation. A simplified but comprehensive presentation of this complex subject, for students, bridging the gap between general and specialized ocular biochemistry. Covers proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, hormones, neurotransmitters, and immunochemistry in relation to the eye. Provides many examples of biochemical pathology and disease processes, such as age-related cataract formation and ocular diabetes, and includes numerous b&w diagrams.

Table of Contents
Four-Color Section
Ch. 1 Water and Ocular Fluids: Physical Chemistry of Ocular Fluids 1
Water 1
Weak Electrolytes and Buffers in Water 3
Ocular Fluids 7
Ch. 2 Proteins: Essential Components of the Eye 15
Crystallins 22
Rhodopsin and Cone Pigment Proteins 33
Mucous Glycoproteins 40
Collagen 41
Ch. 3 Enzymes: Ocular Catalysts 55
Michaelis-Menten Enzymes 56
Allosteric Enzymes 60
Enzyme Inhibation 62
Lysozyme 64
Na, K-ATPase 68
Lactate Dehydrogenase 70
Aldose Reductase 75
Matrix Metalloproteinases 77
Ch. 4 Carbohydrates 85
Energy Metabolism 89
Ocular Comparative Metabolism 106
Problems of Carbohydrate Transport and Metabolism: Diabetes and Galactosemia 108
Structural Carbohydrates 123
Ch. 5 Lipids 133
Cell Membranes 142
Precorneal Tear Film Lipids 147
Lipids of the Retina 149
Vitamin A 150
Glycolopid Storage Diseases and Vision 153
Ch. 6 Hormones 159
Hormone General Functions: Chemical Micromanagers 159
Plasma Membrane Hormones and Their Receptors: Mechanisms 165
Light Transduction: A cGMP Mechanism 171
Graves' Disease: Autoimmune Mischief with Thyroid Hormones 176
DNA Binding Hormones: Mechanism 179
Paracrine Hormones 182
Ch. 7 Nucleic Acids 191
Nucleic Acid Biochemistry 191
Mutations to DNA and to Nucleic Acid Processing 210
Molecular Biology of the Crystallins 213
Viral Intervention in the Cornea 220
Potential Gene Therapy of Rentinal Disease 223
Ch. 8 Ocular Neurochemistry 231
Neurotransmitters and Receptor Proteins and Their Properties (Including Ocular Autonomic Functions) 234
Neurochemistry of the Retina 239
Ocular Neurochemical Pathology 245
Ch. 9 Ocular Immunochemistry 249
Review of Immunoglobulins 249
Ocular Immunoglobulins 256
Complement 257
Complement of the Eye 260
Inflammation 260
Ocular Inflammation 266
Ch. 10 Ocular Biochemical Degradation: Aging and Pathological Processes 271
Cellular Apoptosis 271
Liquefaction of the Vitreous 275
Chemical Burns of the Cornea 277
Glossary 283
Answers to Problems 306
Index 313

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