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Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
I Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics in Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control
1 Principles of Infectious Disease Epidemiology 3
2 Modern Quantitative Epidemiology in the Hospital 15
3 Biostatitics for Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control 49
4 Principles of Hospital Epidemiology 81
5 Data Collection in Hospital Epidemiology 89
6 A Primer on the Healthcare Quality Improvement Movement 99
7 Investigation of Outbreaks 111
8 Pseudoinfections and Pseudo-outbreaks 121
II Computers in Hospital Epidemiology
9 Computers and Information Management in Hospital Epidemiology 131
10 The Computer-Based Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Hospital Epidemiology 141
III Epidemiology and Prevention of Nosocomial Infections of Organ Systems
11 Nosocomial Infections Related to Use of Intravascular Devices Inserted for Short-Term Vascular Access 157
12 Nosocomial Infections Related to Use of Intravascular Devices Inserted for Long-Term Vascular Access 165
13 Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections 173
14 Surgical Site Infections 189
15 Nosocomial Pneumonia 211
16 Nosocomial Sinusitis 239
17 Nosocomial Gastrointestinal Tract Infections 247
18 Nosocomial Burn Wound Infections 275
19 Nosocomial Ocular Infections 287
20 Nosocomial Central Nervous System Infections 301
IV Epidemiology and Prevention of Nosocomial Infections Caused by Specific Pathogens
21 Staphylococcus Aureus 325
22 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus 347
23 Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci 365
24 Streptococci 385
25 Enterococcus Species 395
26 Enterobacteriaceae 407
27 Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli 431
28 Nosocomial Legionella Infection 453
29 Clostridium Difficile 467
30 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 477
31 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria 505
32 Candida 521
33 Influenza Viruses 535
34 Varicella-Zoster Virus 543
35 Herpes Simplex Virus 555
36 Cytomegalovirus 559
37 Hepatitis Viruses 565
38 Ectoparasites 585
39 Uncommon Causes of Nosocomial Infections 593
V Epidemiology and Prevention of Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Patients
40 Nosocomial Viral Respiratory Infections in Pediatric Patients 607
41 Nosocomial Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System, Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts, and Skin in Pediatric Patients 615
42 Nosocomial Gastrointestinal Tract Infections in Pediatric Patients 629
43 Nosocomial Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella, and Human Parvovirus B19 649
44 Nosocomial Infections in Newborn Nurseries and Neonatal Intensive Care Units 665
45 Infections Acquired in Child Care Centers 695
VI Epidemiology and Prevention of Nosocomial Infections in Special Patient Populations
46 Nosocomial Infections in Dental, Oral, and Maxillofacial Surgery 719
47 Nosocomial Infections in Obstetric Patients 729
48 Nosocomial Infections in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury 737
49 Nosocomial Infections in Adults Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 745
50 Nosocomial Infections in Patients with Neoplastic Diseases 767
51 Nosocomial Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients 781
52 Infection Control and Prevention in Bone Marrow Transplant Patients 803
VII Epidemiology and Prevention of Nosocomial Infections Associated with Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
53 Nosocomial Infections Associated with Anesthesia 847
54 Nosocomial Infections Associated with Cardiac Catheterization and Other Invasive Procedures in Cardiology 875
55 Nosocomial Infections Associated with Endoscopy 881
56 Nosocomial Infections Associated with Hemodialysis 897
57 Nosocomial Infections Associated with Peritoneal Dialysis 919
58 Nosocomial Infections Associated with Physical Therapy, Including Hydrotherapy 931
59 Infections that Complicate the Insertion of Prosthetic Devices 937
60 Nosocomial Infections Associated with Respiratory Therapy 959
61 Nosocomial Infections Associated with Transfusion of Blood and Blood Products 973
62 Nosocomial Infections Associated with Procedures Performed in Radiology 999
63 Infections Associated with Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Hyperbaric Chambers and Research in Altitude Chambers 1007
64 Infection Control in Gene Therapy 1015
VIII Epidemiology and Prevention of Nosocomial Infections Related to Hospital Support Services
65 Central Sterile Supply 1023
66 Textile Processing Service 1031
67 Pharmacy Service 1035
68 Volunteer Services 1043
69 Environmental Services 1047
IX Epidemiology and Prevention of Nosocomial Infections in Healthcare Workers
70 Nosocomial Viral Hepatitis in Healthcare Workers 1057
71 Nosocomial Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Healthcare Workers 1075
72 Tuberculosis Control in the Hospital: Compliance with OSHA Requirements 1091
73 Nosocomial Diseases of Healthcare Workers Spread by the Airborne or Contact Routes (Other than Tuberculosis) 1101
74 Nosocomial Infections in Diagnostic Laboratories 1127
75 Prevention of Occupationally Acquired Infections in Prehospital Healthcare Workers 1137
76 Prevention of Occupationally Acquired Infections in Posthospital Healthcare Workers 1141
X Disinfection and Sterilization
77 Selection and Use of Disinfectants in Healthcare 1161
78 Sterilization and Pasteurization 1189
79 Reuse of Disposable Devices 1201
XI Airborne Infections in the Hospital
80 Design and Maintenance of Hospital Ventilation Systems and the Prevention of Airborne Nosocomial Infections 1211
XII Antimicrobial Agents in Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control
81 Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents 1225
82 Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital Flora and Nosocomial Infections 1243
XIII The Literature in Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control
83 Finding the Best Evidence from the Research Literature in Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control 1267
84 Critical Review of the Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control Literature 1273
XIV Organization and Implementation of Infection Control Programs
85 Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections 1285
86 Isolation of Patients with Communicable Diseases 1319
87 Hand Washing and Hand Disinfection 1339
88 Development and Implementation of Infection Control Policies and Procedures 1357
89 Evaluating and Selecting Products that Have Infection Control Implications 1367
90 Education of Healthcare Workers in the Prevention of Nosocomial Infections 1373
91 Infection Control and the Employee Health Service 1381
92 Medical Waste Management 1387
93 Epidemiology and Prevention of Nosocomial Infections Associated with Animals in the Hospital 1399
94 Role of the Microbiology Laboratory in Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control 1423
95 Determining the Cost-Effectiveness of Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control Programs 1437
96 Legal Issues in Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control 1445
XV Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control in Special Settings for Healthcare Delivery
97 Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control in Small Hospitals 1455
98 Epidemiology and Prevention of Infections in Residents of Long Term Care Facilities 1461
99 Epidemiology and Prevention of Infections in Home Healthcare 1483
100 Infection Control in Countries with Limited Resources 1489
Subject Index 1515