Every Child a Lion: The Origins of Maternal and Infant Health Policy in the United States and France, 1890-1920

Author: Alisa Klaus
Published: May 1993
Publisher: Cornell University Press
ISBN: 0801428602
Hardcover Book
Number of Pages: 304

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One of Aesop's fables tells of the fox who taunted the lion about having so few children. "Yes," the lion replies, "but every child is a lion." This dispute is particularly appropriate to Alisa Klaus's comparative account of the early history of maternal and child welfare programs in the United States and France over a thirty-year period. Klaus focuses on the efforts of legislators, physicians, and women's organizations to reduce the infant mortality rate through such measures as maternal education, the distribution of clean milk, routine medical examinations of healthy children, and maternity leaves. Her central concerns include the ways in which pronatalism in France and fears of "race suicide" in the United States shaped public and professional intervention in reproduction, and the influence of women's organizations on social policy in two different institutional and political settings. The author argues that the French population crisis, resulting from a turn-of-the-century decline in the birth rate and a national preoccupation with German militarism and its threat to France, stimulated an intense interest in maternal and child welfare that was never duplicated in the United States. She shows that because infant mortality did not have the kind of national political implications in the United States that it had in France, it provoked far less interest among U.S. politicians and doctors (excepting a small group of public health activists, pediatricians, and obstetricians). She points out that female activists' efforts to place infant care on the national political agenda in the United States resulted in the identification of these matters as "women's issues" far more than in France, with profound implications for the evolution of the welfare state in each country. Every Child a Lion will find appreciative readers among women's historians, historians interested in public health and medicine, and social and political historians of France and the United States.

Table of Contents
Preface
Introduction: Infant Mortality and Social Reform 3
1 Pronatalism, Eugenics, and Infant Mortality 10
2 Puericulteurs and Pediatricians: The Medical Supervision of Infant Health 43
3 French and American Women and Infant Health 90
4 American Women and the "Better Baby" Movement 136
5 French Public Policy and Motherhood, 1890-1914 172
6 "Baby's Health - Civic Wealth": The Work of the U.S. Children's Bureau 208
7 "Bread, Bullets, and Babies": Saving the Next Generation in France and the United States 244
Conclusion: Comparative Issues in Maternal and Infant Health Policy 282
Index 293

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