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Preface
Contributors
1 Introduction 1
2 The Eponymy of Exophthalmos Associated with Thyroid Disease 3
3 Surgical Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland 9
4 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor 19
5 Laboratory Evaluation of Graves' Disease 29
6 Basic Concepts of the Immune System 41
7 Mechanisms of Immune Self-Tolerance 51
8 Role of Inflammatory Mediators in Autoimmune Disease 65
9 Role of Cytokines in Autoimmune Disease 79
10 Role of Adhesion Molecules in Autoimmune Disease 91
11 Overview of Graves' Autoimmune Disease 97
12 Systemic Manifestations of Graves' Disease 107
13 Genetics of Graves' Disease 113
14 Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Graves' Disease 127
15 Graves' Disease and Myasthenia Gravis 139
16 Pregnancy and Hyperthyroidism 143
17 Medical Treatment of Systemic Graves' Disease 155
18 Radioactive Iodide Therapy for Graves' Disease 171
19 Thyroidectomy for Graves' Hyperthyroidism 185
20 Overview of Thyroid Eye Disease: Immunological Mechanisms 199
21 Orbital Fibroblasts and the TSH Receptor in Graves' Orbital Disease 207
22 Role of Orbital Fat in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy 215
23 Eye Muscle Autoantibodies in Graves' Orbital Disease 223
24 Glycosaminoglycans in Graves' Orbitopathy 235
25 The Risk of Orbital Disease Following Radioactive Iodine Treatment 243
26 Cigarette Smoking and Thyroid Eye Disease 251
27 Orbital Anatomy and Graves' Disease 261
28 Histopathology of Graves' Orbital Disease 273
29 Clinical Manifestations of Graves' Ophthalmopathy 285
30 Orbital Imaging in Thyroid Eye Disease 301
31 Diagnostic Ultrasound in Graves' Orbital Disease 309
32 Glaucoma in Thyroid Eye Disease 319
33 Optic Neuropathy in Thyroid Eye Disease 327
34 Medical Management of Thyroid Eye Disease 335
35 External Beam Radiotherapy for Thyroid Eye Disease 347
36 Orbital Decompression: An Overview 357
37 Fat-Only Decompression for Graves' Orbital Disease 379
38 Practical Management of Strabismus and Diplopia in Thyroid Eye Disease 389
39 Botulinum Toxin for Eyelid Retraction in Graves' Disease 405
40 Surgical Management of Eyelid Retraction in Thyroid Eye Disease 413
41 Blepharoplasty in Graves' Disease 423
42 Somatostatin in the Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease 433
43 Pentoxifylline in the Management of Thyroid Eye Disease 441
44 Engineering a Soluble Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Protein 449
Index 457